Month: August 2024

Page 3 of 14

Transforming Nigerian Agriculture through Tech Ecosystem

Culture

Transforming Nigerian Agriculture through Tech Ecosystem
By Shuaib S. Agaka

The Director General of National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Kashifu Inuwa has recently highlighted the game-changing potential of emerging technologies like AI, IoT, and blockchain in transforming Nigeria’s agricultural sector.

Mr. Kashifu disclosed this recently during the launching of the Survey on Digitization of Supply-Chain in Small-Scale Nigerian Farms Project, a collaborative effort between AGROVESTO, NITDA, Office for Nigerian Digital Innovation (ONDI), Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), and Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (FMAFS).

The DG, represented by Engr. Salisu Kaka, emphasized that these innovations can revolutionize farming practices, enhance food security, and address long-standing challenges faced by Nigerian farmers.

The initiative aims to harness the power of technology to drive sustainable agricultural growth and improve the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Nigeria.

Small-scale farming is a vital component of Nigeria’s agricultural landscape, playing a central role in the nation’s economy and food security. This sector is the backbone for millions of rural households, providing employment and sustenance. Small-scale farmers contribute significantly to food production, growing a variety of crops and raising livestock that meet local dietary needs and support domestic markets. Their contributions are crucial for ensuring food availability and stability, especially in regions where large-scale commercial farming is less prevalent.

Despite their importance, small-scale farmers in Nigeria face numerous challenges, that can be easily solved using technological solutions. Even though technological solutions offer overwhelming benefits, however, there are a few problems associated with the adoption of these technological solutions by the farmers, and these call for an address for the growth of the national economy.

One of these arguments is the high initial cost of technological tools. Implementing advanced tools such as precision agriculture systems, data analytics platforms, and automated machinery can require substantial financial investment. For many small-scale farmers, these costs seem huge, especially when budgets are tight and immediate returns on investment are uncertain.

However, it should be highlighted that while the initial costs of digital tools can be significant, it is important to consider the long-term savings and return on investment they offer. Digital technologies can lead to increased efficiency, higher yields, and reduced waste, all of which contribute to greater profitability over time. The improvements in productivity and efficiency can quickly offset the initial expenditure.

Moreover, various funding and support programs are available to help offset the costs of adopting digital technologies. Government grants, subsidies, and low-interest loans are often offered to encourage technological innovation in agriculture. International organizations and non-profits also provide financial assistance and technical support to small-scale farmers. These resources can help ease the financial burden and make the transition to digital tools more feasible.

Another way to mitigate high costs is through collaborative models such as farmer cooperatives. By pooling resources, small-scale farmers can collectively invest in digital tools and share the benefits. This approach not only reduces individual costs but also fosters knowledge sharing and collective problem-solving. Cooperatives can also negotiate better deals and access bulk-purchasing discounts, further lowering the financial impact.

It should be noted that the long-term benefits of digital technologies often outweigh the initial costs. The increased efficiency, reduced waste, and better market access that digital tools provide can lead to substantial economic gains. When viewed as an investment in future productivity and profitability, the initial expense becomes a manageable and worthwhile investment.

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Another argument against the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture is that many farmers may struggle to use technologies effectively due to limited technological literacy.

To address technological literacy issues, it is crucial to invest in comprehensive training and support programs. The programs should be tailored to the specific needs of farmers, providing hands-on instruction and practical guidance on using digital tools. Effective training can help farmers build confidence and competence in using new technologies, making the transition smoother and more successful.

Numerous successful digital literacy initiatives provide a model for overcoming this barrier. For instance, organizations like Digital Green and various agricultural extension services have implemented training programs that effectively educate farmers on using technology. These programs often include workshops, field demonstrations, and ongoing support, helping farmers to integrate digital tools into their operations successfully.

Additionally, community-based support networks and peer-to-peer learning can also enhance technological literacy. By fostering a culture of collaboration and knowledge sharing among farmers, these networks can facilitate the exchange of practical tips and troubleshooting advice. Experienced users can mentor others, helping to spread technological proficiency and build confidence across the farming community.

Another concern is that infrastructure challenges, such as limited internet and electricity access in rural areas, are significant barriers to the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture. Many rural regions in Nigeria face unreliable electricity and poor internet connectivity, which can make it difficult for farmers to use digital tools effectively.

Despite these challenges, there have been notable improvements in infrastructure that support digital adoption. Mobile-based applications that function well with lower connectivity levels can offer valuable services even in areas with limited internet access.

Also, solar-powered solutions are also emerging as a practical answer to electricity challenges in rural areas. Solar panels and battery storage systems provide a reliable and sustainable source of power, enabling farmers to use digital tools and technologies regardless of local grid reliability.

Importantly, partnerships between technology providers, government agencies, and local communities can help address infrastructure challenges. Collaborative efforts can lead to the development of tailored solutions that meet the specific needs of rural areas. By working together, stakeholders can create innovative approaches to overcoming infrastructure barriers and supporting digital adoption in agriculture.

To drive the successful integration of digital solutions in Nigerian agriculture, it is imperative that all stakeholders; government agencies, technology providers, and the farming community collaborate and support this transformation. Government agencies should prioritize funding and policy support that fosters technological innovation, such as grants, subsidies, and infrastructure development. By creating favorable conditions for digital adoption, the government can facilitate a smoother transition for farmers. Technology providers, on the other hand, need to focus on developing user-friendly, affordable solutions tailored to the needs of small-scale farmers. Their role also involves providing comprehensive training and support to ensure that farmers can effectively utilize these tools.

Additionally, the farming community must be proactive in embracing digital solutions and participating in training programs. Farmers should engage with available resources and advocate for the tools and support they need to enhance their operations. By building partnerships and sharing knowledge, farmers can collectively advance digital adoption and benefit from improved productivity and market access. Encouraging open dialogue and cooperation among these stakeholders will be crucial for overcoming barriers and realizing the full potential of digital transformation in agriculture.

Shuaib S. Agaka is Tech Journalist and writes from PRNigeria Centre Kano

Kidnapped School Children

Yauri FGC Students, Kebbi (Freed)

The last victims released spent 707 days from June 17, 2021 – May 25, 2023

Baptist School Students, Kaduna (Freed)

Spent 850 Day from July 5, 2022 to November 2, 2023

Tegina Islamiya Pupils, Niger (Freed)

Spent 88 days from May 30, 2021 – August 26, 2021

Report By: PRNigeria.com

Transforming Nigerian Agriculture through Tech EcosystemBy Shuaib S. Agaka

Culture

enaira

By Shuaib S. Agaka

The DG, represented by Engr. Salisu Kaka, emphasized that these innovations can revolutionize farming practices, enhance food security, and address long-standing challenges faced by Nigerian farmers.

The initiative aims to harness the power of technology to drive sustainable agricultural growth and improve the livelihoods of small-scale farmers in Nigeria.

Read Also:

Another argument against the adoption of digital technologies in agriculture is that many farmers may struggle to use technologies effectively due to limited technological literacy.

Shuaib S. Agaka is Tech Journalist and writes from PRNigeria Centre Kano

Memo to VP Shettima: Northern Nigeria has no reasons to be poor through agriculture By Baba El-Yakubu

Culture

enaira

By Baba El-Yakubu

Dear Mr. Vice President, Kashim Shettima,

I watched your recent interview granted to the BBC Hausa. Your response to the Hunger Protests appeared sincere, genuine, and frank. My most important takeaway is your fervent desire to urgently convoke a summit of northern governors, the business community, and other stakeholders to find solutions to our current challenges. You asserted that northern politicians must avoid the tendency to sabotage the efforts of others and invited them to unite for the joint prosperity of the whole region. In these critical times, Nigeria specifically the north; stands at a crossroads. Unity is the most urgent requirement for the purposeful leadership you are bringing to the region. Our beloved region, rich in diversity and potential, is grappling with profound challenges that demand urgent and decisive action. As a leader entrusted with the hopes and aspirations of millions, your role is pivotal in shaping the future of the region. At the end of the interview, you made a bold statement that “Northern Nigeria has reasons to be poor”. Intuitively, we all agree that his statement is true. But, in the counterintuitive real world of Nigeria; we all know that the region is among the poorest in the world. This letter is written not only as a response to your interview but as a call for a kind of visionary leadership that our nation and region so desperately need. I believe this is your moment.

Whenever there are daunting challenges, we always raise our hands up skyward for inspiration; but in today’s northern Nigeria, I believe, the most important solution is down on the earth. In my view, agriculture is our short-term path to salvation. Therefore, the proposed summit and subsequent interventions should focus on agriculture and value-addition to agricultural produce. Mr. Vice President, to achieve anything impactful, the new interventions must avoid the lapses associated with the previous government program. For instance, the Anchor Borrower’s Programme (ABP) was the main agricultural intervention of President Muhammadu Buhari’s government. Its main thrust was growth and productivity. Unfortunately, none was impactfully achieved, commensurate with the huge amount of money invested. ABP scheme repayments default rate was estimated to be 76% according to International Monetary Fund (IMF). The default was associated with the fact that many of the recipients of the loans were not selected based on objective criteria. To avoid this challenge, I suggest adopting and scaling up business models similar to homegrown and private-sector-driven approaches that are already successful. We may also learn from case examples of successful reform in other countries.

The first good model to consider is a Nigerian company called Babban Gona (BG). It was founded in 2012 by Mr. Kola Masha. Its main aim is reducing unemployment in Nigeria through promoting agriculture. It started modestly with 100 members in Kaduna State. So far, it has operations in 15 states in the north and has impacted over 850,000 smallholder farmers. They have a net income of about double the national average. BG’s success is due to its simple business model. It engages smallholder farmers through four key services to drive their success. These are (i) Training and Education, (ii) Financial Credit, (iii) Agricultural Input, and (iv) Harvesting & Marketing Support. Similar to the successful approach of the Nobel Prize-winning Grameen Bank of Bangladesh, BG organizes the farmers into groups of 3 – 5 members. The training/education, credit, and input are all given on a group rather than on an individual basis. BG members have a loan repayment rate estimated to be at about 98%. Importantly, other group members are responsible for repaying if a member defaults. Therefore, using a simple model, Babban Gona achieves what Anchor Borrower’s Programme complicated approach failed to deliver. BG has investors both domestic and foreign. It focuses mainly on maize production. Northern Nigeria is endowed with extensive stretches of fertile land suitable for a variety of crops. Apart from maize, the region’s semi-arid to arid climate is particularly conducive to the cultivation of other grains such as millet and sorghum, as well as legumes like groundnuts and cowpeas. Additionally, areas with riverine soils, such as those near the Niger and Benue rivers, are ideal for rice and sugarcane production. For example, according to 2020 data from the National Sugar Development Council, Nigeria consumed about 1.5m tons of sugarcane. Almost all of it was imported. Under your leadership, special intervention funds – from Federal, State, Local Governments, and private investors – may be invested in BG or similar companies in Nigeria. The BG model works very well. It may be used to cover the production of other crops and legumes. There is no time to recreate the wheel.

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Mr. Vice President, I want to emphasize that agriculture in northern Nigeria should not be limited to primary production; the development of agro-processing industries is essential to add value to raw agricultural products and generate further employment. Processing agricultural products locally not only increases their shelf life but also enhances their marketability and creates additional income streams for farmers. Let me give you another very good model to consider. It is a company called Psaltry International Limited (PIL), located in Iseyin, Oyo State. About two years ago, I visited the company for two days. I gained first-hand information on the its successful operations. It was established in 2005 by Mrs Yemisi Iranloye. Initially, it focused on selling cassava produce, mainly starch. PIL established its 20 MT/day starch factory in 2012 and installed an additional production line of 30 MT/day in 2015. Its outgrower programs involve up to 5,000 farm families. In addition to other sources, PIL ensures adequate supply to its 50 MT/day of installed capacity processing plant. Its main focus is to enhance the cassava value chain by producing high-quality industrial cassava derivatives, including high-quality cassava flour (HCCF), high-quality food-grade cassava starch, and sorbitol. The PIL new sorbitol factory is the first of its kind in Africa and the second largest globally. This factory has the capability to produce 25 tons of sorbitol every day. Its clients include companies in the pharmaceutical, personal care, food, and beverages sectors. Based on the company’s activities; its community has been transformed from poverty to prosperity within a short time. Recently, the company announced the 2024 scholarship scheme for children of farmers in Iseyin Local Government and Ibarapa area, Oyo state.

This is a beautiful success story of cassava processing. Other produce may be considered for different parts of northern Nigeria – depending on local conditions. For example, the establishment of rice mills in Kano and Kebbi states has created jobs, reduced post-harvest losses, and improved the quality of rice produced in the region. Similarly, groundnut processing plants can be established to produce groundnut oil, cakes, and other by-products, adding value to one of the region’s most important crops. The main requirement for success is to make the government intervention to be private-sector driven.

Sir, another area that needs careful planning is the gradual adaptation of modern agricultural machinery. Here, also we could learn from other case examples of reforms. Given this natural endowment, northern Nigeria should be a leader in agricultural production. However, outdated farming techniques, lack of access to modern inputs, and inadequate infrastructure have hindered the full realization of this potential. Most farmers in the region still use rudimentary tools like hoes and cutlasses, which limit the scale of their operations and the efficiency of their labor. By addressing these challenges through targeted agricultural reforms, the region can harness its land and climate to produce enough food to feed Nigerian population and generate a surplus for export. A look at agricultural reforms in other countries provides valuable lessons for northern Nigeria. For instance, the Green Revolution in India during the 1960s and 1970s transformed the country from a food-deficient nation to a food-surplus one. This was achieved through the introduction of high-yield variety (HYV) seeds, increased use of fertilizers, improved irrigation, use of mechanization, and government support for farmers. Mechanization—introducing tractors, plows, and other machinery—can drastically improve productivity. According to a recent report, 47% of agricultural operations in India are mechanized. It is higher in countries such as China, with 60%, and Brazil, with 75%. This is very important in improving farm productivity. It has been shown that for every 1% increase in the level of mechanization, the yields of all crops, grain crops, and cash crops increase by 1.2, 1.6, and 0.4%, respectively. Similarly, Ethiopia’s agricultural transformation strategy has been widely regarded as a success. By focusing on smallholder farmers, improving access to inputs, and investing in infrastructure, Ethiopia has made significant strides in food security and poverty reduction. These examples demonstrate that with the right policies and support, agricultural reforms can lead to substantial improvements in food security and economic development.

The introduction of modern irrigation techniques, such as drip and sprinkler systems, can also revolutionize agriculture in northern Nigeria. The region’s reliance on rain-fed agriculture makes it vulnerable to the erratic rainfall patterns caused by climate change. Based on recent estimate, the irrigated area in the whole country is only 5.4%. This is too low. For example, in India; 51% of the agricultural area cultivating grains is covered by irrigation. By investing in irrigation infrastructure, northern Nigeria can ensure year-round farming, thereby increasing food production and reducing the risk of food shortages. The adoption of modern farming techniques also extends to the use of improved seeds, fertilizers, and pest control measures. For instance, the introduction of drought-resistant and high-yield crop varieties can help farmers cope with the region’s climatic challenges while boosting crop yields.

Mr. Vice President, I agree with you that Northern Nigeria’s poverty is not a result of a lack of resources but rather a failure to fully exploit its agricultural and other potentials. With its vast arable land, favorable climate, and large population dependent on farming, the region has all the ingredients needed for agricultural prosperity. By learning from successful agricultural reforms elsewhere and focusing on modernization, mechanization, and value addition, northern Nigeria can achieve food security and economic growth. There is no reason for poverty to persist in a region so rich in agricultural potential—the future lies in unlocking this wealth through strategic reforms and investments. As you are aware, at the 29th Nigeria Economic Summit in Abuja, President Bola Tinubu announced an aspirational target for the Nigerian economy. It is expected to attain a GDP of $1.0 trillion in the next few years and $3.0 trillion within a decade. Based on this, I have been pondering on an important question. That is, how could a northern poor be an active participant rather than a passive observer in achieving this dream? Under your purposeful leadership, the north could transform Nigeria from a food-deficient nation to a food-surplus one, thereby making a substantial contribution to the GDP. Let me leave you with a beautiful saying from the Roman Philosopher Lucius Sereca, “It is not because things are difficult that we do not dare, it is because we do not dare that they are difficult”. If you declare to eliminate abject poverty in the north; it will take some years of hard work, but the dream will be a reality.

With Salam and best wishes, I thank you very much for your time.

Yours Faithfully

Baba El-Yakubu, PTDF-Chair Professor of Chemical Engineering, Ahmadu Bello University. Email: [email protected]

Want to Rock Black With Finesse on Your Big Day? Check Out This Inspo

Culture

Black is such a classy colour, and rocking it on your big day can make a bold statement, especially if it’s done with elegance. If your traditional wedding is around the corner, we’ve got this lovely inspiration for you.

The details on this outfit by Lex Culture are outstanding. We love how the sequins and beaded accents add a touch of sparkle and sophistication. Fame Glow came through with this multilayered gele, perfectly complementing the outfit. The makeup by Naveen Dawlley ties everything together beautifully and we are obsessed with the peach glow. This is a 10/10 look and you can pin it if your big day is around the corner. You can also find more beauty lookshere.

See the photos below and let us know what you think!

Promzi Media Bridal Inspo6 Promzi Media Bridal Inspo4 Promzi Media Bridal Inspo5 Promzi Media Bridal Inspo3

Credits

Makeup @naveen_dawlley
Outfit@lexculture_
Yellow@okikiglow
Photography @promzimedia
Eyes@yglambeauty_cosmetics
Accessories@sacollectionz2

Adopt Okpara’s leadership model and prosper, Uzodimma challenges Nigerian leaders

Culture

More prosperity and good governance await Nigeria if the leaders adopt the Michael Okpara Leadership model that excelled in selfless service, agriculture, and industrialisation.

Imo State Governor, Senator Hope Uzodimma, made the submission yesterday while speaking at the Michael Okpara Leadership Prize awards in Abuja.

Uzodimma, who spoke on the topic, ‘Service Above Self: Lessons from the Leadership Philosophy of Dr Michael Okpara,’ noted that Okpara was able to make the Eastern Region’s economy the fastest growing one in Africa because of the leadership model.

“Perhaps, if only our political leaders of today could emulate the leadership virtues of Dr Michael Okpara, our country would be better and more prosperous,” he submitted.

He noted that those virtues were characterised by selfless service, integrity, vision and inclusivity, which brought about rapid growth in the region.

Uzodimma, who was also bestowed with the Premier’s Grand Prize, Gold Plaque Category award by the organisers, urged Nigerians to concentrate more on rendering selfless service rather than pursuing personal aggrandisement.

He also called for a greater commitment to the development of the country by Nigerians themselves, instead of mere passing of bucks.

He expressed optimism that Nigeria would attain its full potential when the citizens display unparalleled patriotism, as demonstrated by the late Premier of Eastern Region.

He said Okpara’s legacies would continue to “inspire not just our generation but generations to come.”

The governor commended the organisers of the lecture series, which was a way of keeping Okpara’s legacies alive.

But, he regretted that Okpara has not been properly honoured by Nigeria. “In my view, Okpara remains a hero in Nigeria who has not been properly sung.”

In his remarks at the occasion, Cross River Governor, Senator Bassey Otu, described Okpara as his hero because of the monumental development he achieved in the former Eastern Region.

According to him, most of the agricultural policies being implemented by his administration in Cross River State were derived from the legacies of Okpara.

The Chairman on the occasion and former Senate President, Senator Anyim Pius Anyim, praised the organisers for keeping the memory of the late premier alive.

Senator Anyim also eulogised Gov Uzodimma for his thought-provoking lecture and urged Nigerians to imbibe the recommendations from the lecture.

The ceremony was attended by the governor of Bauchi State, Senator Bala Mohammwd, the Deputy Governor of Ebonyi State, former Governor of Cross River State, Sir Clement Ebri, Industrialist, Chief Arthur Eze and prominent political figures and traditional rulers.

Food Security Target May Not Be Achieved By 2030

Culture

The 2030 global Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) hunger and food security target may not be achieved by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO).

FAO in its State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2024 report said “Six years from 2030, hunger and food insecurity trends are not yet moving in the right direction to end hunger and food insecurity (SDG Target 2.1) by 2030”.

The global body said indicators of progress towards global nutrition targets similarly show that the world is not on track to eliminate all forms of malnutrition.

THE WHISTLER reported that the number of humans suffering from hunger globally rose to 733 million in 2023 with a significant number of women aged 15 to 49 years suffering from anemia.

“Billions of people still lack access to nutritious, safe and sufficient food. Nevertheless, progress in many countries provides hope of the possibility of getting back on track towards hunger and malnutrition eradication” the report reads.

According to FAO, countries must revert to the current trends of hunger, food security and malnutrition before implementing policies, investments and legislation which require proper financing for food security and nutrition.

The UN agency also noted that despite a broad agreement on the urgent need to increase financing for food security and nutrition, the same cannot be said for a common understanding regarding how this financing should be defined and tracked.

Recommending solutions, the FAO called for the efficient use of innovative financing tools and reforms to tackle food insecurity.

Isese Day: Ogun govt commits to fostering inclusiveness of all religions

Culture

The Dapo Abiodun-led administration has said it will continue to promote religious tolerance and ensure peaceful co-existence among various adherents in the state.

Commissioner for Culture and Tourism, Oluwasesan Fagbayi, stated this during the 2024 Isese Day celebration held in Abeokuta on Tuesday.

Fagbayi maintained that celebrating the rich cultural heritage and traditions, giving necessary support to traditional institutions, as well as enhancing the promotion of Indigenous tradition would preserve Yoruba traditional religion.

The Commissioner represented by Permanent Secretary in the Ministry, Quudus Yusuff, noted that the colourful display by different traditional religious sects at the celebration was proof that the Day was worthy of being recognised as an international event, to attract tourists across the globe, thereby enhancing the tourism potential of the state.

Also speaking, the Chairman of the Ogun State Alternative Medicine Board, OGAMB, who is also the Alawoerin of Egbaland, Chief Nurudeen Olaleye, enjoined all traditional worshippers across the country to use the occasion to pray for peace, unity and stability of the state and the country in general.

Speaking on the theme of the event, Vengeance, at Oke-Abola mountain, Saje, Abeokuta, the guest lecturer, Ojubona Akanbi, admonished people to desist from taking vengeance as the consequences were usually destructive and could hinder progress, adding that love and unity among people would prevent people from hurting others.

He charged youths to avoid acts capable of disrupting the peace and progress of the society, tasking them to add their quota to the development of the state and the nation.

DAILY POST reports that August 20 was declared Isese Day in some Western states to celebrate the Yoruba traditional religion and traditions since 2023 and is being observed simultaneously across all states in the southwest.

Italian scholars examine Leonardo da Vinci’s handwritten text on student’s drawing, contents unknown: Chunichi Shimbun Web

Culture

Culture Italian scholars examine Leonardo da Vinci’s handwritten notes on student’s sketch, but contents remain unknown

15:50 on August 24, 2024 (updated at 16:05 on August 24)

Culture A document believed to be in Leonardo da Vinci's handwriting (provided by the Historical, Cultural and Environmental Assets Assessment Committee, in collaboration with the National Museum of Natural History)

A document believed to be in Leonardo da Vinci’s handwriting (provided by the Historical, Cultural and Environmental Assets Assessment Committee, in collaboration with the National Museum of Natural History)

[Geneva Kyodo News]Italian art historians have identified text written on a part of a painting owned by a Swiss art collector as likely to be in Leonardo da Vinci’s own handwriting. It has not yet been possible to decipher what is written, and Silvano Vincetti, who led the appraisal, said, “It is a mystery that may one day be solved.”

The painting, a red charcoal drawing of a young woman’s torso, was rediscovered in the 1990s after passing through the hands of Swiss antiquities dealers, and in 2001 the late Carlo Pedretti, a well-known authority on Leonardo da Vinci, identified it as a work by Da Vinci’s pupil Cesare da Sesto (1477-1523).

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Month: August 2024

Transforming Nigerian Agriculture through Tech Ecosystem

Read Also:

Kidnapped School Children

Transforming Nigerian Agriculture through Tech EcosystemBy Shuaib S. Agaka

Read Also:

Memo to VP Shettima: Northern Nigeria has no reasons to be poor through agriculture By Baba El-Yakubu

Read Also:

Want to Rock Black With Finesse on Your Big Day? Check Out This Inspo

Adopt Okpara’s leadership model and prosper, Uzodimma challenges Nigerian leaders

Food Security Target May Not Be Achieved By 2030

Isese Day: Ogun govt commits to fostering inclusiveness of all religions

Italian scholars examine Leonardo da Vinci’s handwritten text on student’s drawing, contents unknown: Chunichi Shimbun Web

Culture Italian scholars examine Leonardo da Vinci’s handwritten notes on student’s sketch, but contents remain unknown

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